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The Titration Process Titration is a method of measuring chemical concentrations using a standard reference solution. The titration procedure requires diluting or dissolving a sample and a highly pure chemical reagent called a primary standard. The titration method involves the use of an indicator that will change hue at the point of completion to signal the completion of the reaction. Most titrations are performed in an aqueous solution, however glacial acetic acids and ethanol (in Petrochemistry) are occasionally used. Titration Procedure The titration method is a well-documented, established method for quantitative chemical analysis. It is utilized in a variety of industries, including pharmaceuticals and food production. Titrations can be performed manually or with the use of automated devices. Titration involves adding a standard concentration solution to an unidentified substance until it reaches the endpoint, or equivalence. Titrations are conducted using various indicators. The most commonly used are phenolphthalein or methyl Orange. These indicators are used to indicate the end of a titration and indicate that the base has been fully neutralised. The endpoint can also be determined using an instrument of precision, such as the pH meter or calorimeter. The most common titration is the acid-base titration. These are used to determine the strength of an acid or the concentration of weak bases. To accomplish this the weak base must be transformed into salt and then titrated by an acid that is strong (such as CH3COONa) or an acid strong enough (such as CH3COOH). The endpoint is usually indicated with an indicator such as methyl red or methyl orange which changes to orange in acidic solutions, and yellow in basic or neutral ones. Another type of titration that is very popular is an isometric titration which is typically used to measure the amount of heat produced or consumed in a reaction. Isometric titrations are usually performed using an isothermal titration calorimeter or with an instrument for measuring pH that determines the temperature changes of the solution. There are a variety of factors that can cause an unsuccessful titration process, including inadequate handling or storage improper weighing, inhomogeneity of the weighing method and incorrect handling. A large amount of titrant could be added to the test sample. The best method to minimize the chance of errors is to use the combination of user education, SOP adherence, and advanced measures for data traceability and integrity. This will minimize the chances of errors occurring in workflows, particularly those caused by sample handling and titrations. This is because titrations are typically done on smaller amounts of liquid, making the errors more apparent than they would be with larger quantities. Titrant The titrant solution is a solution of known concentration, which is added to the substance to be tested. The titrant has a property that allows it to interact with the analyte through a controlled chemical reaction, leading to neutralization of the acid or base. The endpoint can be determined by observing the color change, or by using potentiometers to measure voltage with an electrode. The amount of titrant that is dispensed is then used to determine the concentration of the analyte in the initial sample. Titration can be accomplished in different ways, but most often the analyte and titrant are dissolvable in water. Other solvents, like glacial acetic acid, or ethanol, may also be used for special purposes (e.g. Petrochemistry, which is specialized in petroleum). The samples must be in liquid form to perform the titration. There are four kinds of titrations: acid-base, diprotic acid titrations as well as complexometric titrations and redox titrations. In acid-base titrations, the weak polyprotic acid is titrated against a strong base and the equivalence level is determined by the use of an indicator like litmus or phenolphthalein. These kinds of titrations can be typically carried out in laboratories to determine the concentration of various chemicals in raw materials, like petroleum and oil products. Manufacturing industries also use titration to calibrate equipment as well as assess the quality of products that are produced. In titration ADHD medications and pharmaceutical industries, titration is utilized to determine the acidity and sweetness of foods as well as the amount of moisture in drugs to ensure that they will last for an extended shelf life. The entire process is automated through a Titrator. The titrator can instantly dispensing the titrant, and monitor the titration for an obvious reaction. It also can detect when the reaction has completed and calculate the results, then store them. It will detect the moment when the reaction hasn't been completed and prevent further titration. It is simpler to use a titrator compared to manual methods, and requires less training and experience. Analyte A sample analyzer is a piece of piping and equipment that extracts the sample from a process stream, conditions it if required and then delivers it to the right analytical instrument. The analyzer can examine the sample using a variety of methods, such as conductivity measurement (measurement of cation or anion conductivity), turbidity measurement, fluorescence (a substance absorbs light at a certain wavelength and emits it at a different wavelength), or chromatography (measurement of particle size or shape). Many analyzers include reagents in the samples in order to enhance sensitivity. The results are recorded on a log. The analyzer is typically used for liquid or gas analysis. Indicator A chemical indicator is one that changes the color or other characteristics as the conditions of its solution change. The change could be changing in color but also changes in temperature or an alteration in precipitate. Chemical indicators are used to monitor and regulate chemical reactions, including titrations. They are typically found in chemistry labs and are useful for classroom demonstrations and science experiments. The acid-base indicator is a common type of indicator used for titrations as well as other laboratory applications. It is made up of a weak acid that is combined with a conjugate base. The indicator is sensitive to changes in pH. Both the base and acid are different shades. Litmus is a good indicator. It is red when it is in contact with acid and blue in presence of bases. Other types of indicator include bromothymol and phenolphthalein. These indicators are utilized for monitoring the reaction between an base and an acid. They are useful in determining the exact equivalence of the titration. Indicators are made up of a molecular form (HIn) as well as an ionic form (HiN). The chemical equilibrium that is created between the two forms is pH sensitive which means that adding hydrogen ions pushes equilibrium back towards the molecular form (to the left side of the equation) and produces the indicator's characteristic color. In the same way adding base shifts the equilibrium to right side of the equation away from the molecular acid, and towards the conjugate base, producing the indicator's distinctive color. Indicators can be used for different types of titrations as well, including Redox and titrations. Redox titrations are a little more complex, but the basic principles are the same like acid-base titrations. In a redox test the indicator is mixed with an amount of acid or base in order to be titrated. When the indicator changes color in the reaction to the titrant, it signifies that the titration has reached its endpoint. The indicator is removed from the flask, and then washed in order to eliminate any remaining amount of titrant.